My research is at the intersection of AI/ML, Data Science, and Health Informatics. It establishes the theoretical and empirical foundations for a paradigm shift in how AI systems evaluate online content in high-stakes domains. Current fact-checking and misinformation detection systems suffer from a structural misspecification: they are optimized for the wrong objective. They check for isolated facts and do not read stories as wholes, and they ask "is this factually correct?" when the question that matters, particularly in health, finance, and regulated information environments, is "is this safe to act on?"

Those are not the same question. The cost of treating them as the same is borne disproportionately by people whose self-care decisions, financial decisions, and information consumption happen outside institutional oversight. The most potentially harmful health content in our research corpus is epistemically aligned with established medical consensus. Existing systems cannot see this. They were not designed to.

My dissertation formalizes two constructs — Narrative Blindness and the Risk Irrelevance Principle — that explain the misspecification and demonstrates computationally that a risk-aware alternative is achievable. The framework that operationalizes the theory, VERITAS, assesses credibility and risk in online narratives using the novel Narrative Truth Distance (NTD) and Narrative Risk Score (NRS) algorithms and classifies them across four graduated risk categories using two non-overlapping axes: epistemic divergence and harm potential.

The work has direct implications for platform governance, digital public health, AI content policy, and the design of AI systems in regulated industries. It is the foundation the strategy and advisory work I do is built on.

The Theory

A problem space defined. Two constructs, formalized.

The research begins by giving the problem a name and a boundary. Online Health Safety is formally defined as the protection of individuals from harm arising from self-care decisions guided by online health information in non-clinical settings. It is distinct from patient safety, which assumes clinician involvement and institutional oversight, and from misinformation detection, which assumes factual error is the primary harm vector.

Within that problem space, the research identifies the Online Health Safety Gap: a structural disconnect in which medically accurate content can carry substantial health risk, while how far content diverges from consensus provides little predictive signal of whether it is safe to act on. Two formalized constructs explain why the gap exists and why current systems cannot see it. Both are defined formally in the dissertation and validated empirically against expert-labeled corpora.

— Construct One

Narrative Blindness

The structural inability of existing AI systems to read context, agency, and causality in online posts. They match keywords but they cannot see who is doing what, to whom, with what consequences.

Current fact-checking systems reduce complex, multi-layered narratives to isolated, decontextualized claims. This reductionism fails to capture how harmful content actually operates — not through single false keywords, but through the strategic construction of alternative causal narratives that selectively deploy real facts toward dangerous conclusions.

The empirical consequence: sophisticated narratives pass individual fact-checks while promoting fundamentally misleading worldviews. Existing systems are blind to this by design.

— Construct Two

The Risk Irrelevance Principle

Empirically validated: how far an online health post diverges from medical consensus tells you almost nothing about how risky it is to act on.

Existing systems conflate "different from consensus" with "harmful," treating all divergence as equally problematic. This conflation is wrong on its face and wrong in the data.

The empirical consequence: accuracy-driven moderation disproportionately flags traditional and culturally-grounded health practices that are low-risk, while approving biomedically literate posts that are not. The cost falls on the communities with the least margin for being wrongly silenced.

The Framework

VERITAS — a two-dimensional alternative.

A neuro-symbolic framework that operationalizes the paradigm shift. Two non-overlapping axes. Four graduated categories. Proportionate intervention for each.

VERITAS is a three-phase pipeline. Everything downstream depends on the first phase: the Narrative Builder.

Phase 1 — The Narrative Builder. A dual-transformer architecture reconstructs unstructured online posts as structured Agent–Action–Outcome narrative graphs, so computational systems can read stories as wholes rather than as bags of disconnected keywords. DistilBERT classifies each segment's Labovian narrative stage, emotion, stance, and tone; BioBERT with a CRF layer extracts who did what with what result, even from informal, colloquial language. Extracted concepts are normalized against UMLS and SNOMED CT with full concept coverage, causal direction is detected so that “I acted and this happened” is never confused with “this happened so I acted,” and clinical quantifiers such as dosages and glucose values are captured for verification. This is the move that overcomes Narrative Blindness.

Phase 2 — The Verification Engine. Two non-overlapping axes are then measured independently from the same narrative graph, validated against UMLS, SNOMED CT, SemMedDB, and PubMed:

Narrative Truth Distance (NTD) — how far the post's factual, causal, and evidentiary claims diverge from established medical consensus. An epistemic measure.

Narrative Risk Score (NRS) — how much harm a reader could plausibly come to by acting on the post's recommendations. A safety measure.

Phase 3 — The Classification Quadrant. The two axes are independent by construction, computed from non-overlapping feature sets. Together they classify narratives into four graduated categories with proportionate intervention strategies — from low-touch labeling to active suppression — each accompanied by a plain-language explanation of the signals behind it. The high-risk-but-aligned quadrant is the one binary fact-checkers cannot see. It is also the most dangerous.

High Risk · Aligned
The Blind Spot
Aligned with consensus, harmful in practice. Invisible to binary systems. Active intervention.

“Adjusted my insulin dose myself when I felt symptoms. Increased by 20 units.”

NTD 0.19  ·  NRS 0.84  ·  25.2% of the corpus

High Risk · Divergent
Critical
Divergent from consensus, harmful in practice. Suppress or remove.

“Cinnamon cured my diabetes! I stopped taking metformin and my sugar levels are perfect.”

NTD 0.91  ·  NRS 0.95  ·  3.3% of the corpus

Low Risk · Aligned
Standard
Mainstream, broadly safe. Surface as default.

“Following doctor’s orders, taking metformin as prescribed. My A1C improved from 8.5 to 6.2.”

NTD 0.15  ·  NRS 0.22  ·  25.0% of the corpus

Low Risk · Divergent
Alternative
Divergent but low-risk. Often traditional or culturally-grounded. Label, do not suppress.

“I drink turmeric tea daily for my diabetes. It’s natural and helps with inflammation.”

NTD 0.72  ·  NRS 0.18  ·  3.0% of the corpus

Hover, tap, or tab to a quadrant for a representative narrative from the 704-narrative corpus.

The Findings

What the data actually shows.

62.2 / 8.7%
Harmful Content Recall

The Classification Quadrant recovers 62.2% of expert-labeled misinformation versus 8.7% for the keyword-level NLP baseline. A 7.1× improvement (p < 0.001), and 1.2× the single-axis divergence baseline (52.0%).

r = 0.222
Truth × Risk Correlation

Across the validation corpus (699 classified narratives), epistemic divergence and harm potential share under 5% of their variance, confirmed by seven independence tests. Knowing how far a post diverges from consensus tells you almost nothing about whether it is safe to act on.

39.6%
Structural Misclassification

39.6% of narratives are structurally misclassified by single-axis systems: aligned-but-risky content invisible to fact-checking (25.2%), and divergent-but-safe content incorrectly suppressed (14.4%).

25.2%
The Online Health Safety Gap

A quarter of the corpus (25.2%) is epistemically aligned with medical consensus yet carries elevated harm potential — completely invisible to binary fact-checking systems.

The Implications

Where this work changes the calculation.

The structural critique has direct, named consequences for how AI systems should be built and governed in environments where mistakes are expensive.

Platform governance

Content moderation pipelines that optimize for "is this true" miss the most harmful content and over-flag legitimate alternatives. Risk-aware classification produces proportionate, defensible moderation decisions that hold up under scrutiny.

Digital public health

Public-health communication strategies that treat all divergence from consensus as equivalent miss what actually drives harm. Targeting interventions at high-risk content — regardless of whether it is technically accurate — is a more effective use of finite communication capacity.

AI content policy

Regulatory frameworks for AI-mediated content increasingly require auditable decisions. A two-axis classification with explicit risk reasoning is auditable in a way that binary fact-checking is not — for both regulators and the public.

Equitable AI deployment

Accuracy-first moderation systems disproportionately silence traditional, culturally-grounded, and low-resource health practices that are not actually high-risk. Risk-aware classification corrects this structural bias by separating different from dangerous.

Selected Publications

Seven papers, and the through-line.

The full publication list, including technical white papers and editorial work, lives on the CV. These are the papers that map the through-line of the dissertation.

  1. 2025

    Real-Time Detection of Online Health Misinformation Using an Integrated Knowledge-Graph–LLM Approach

    Clark, O. & Joshi, K. P. · IEEE International Conference on Digital Health (ICDH) · World Congress on Services · Helsinki

    The integrated framework that anchors the dissertation's empirical contribution. Demonstrates risk-aware narrative classification at scale.

    Best Student Paper
  2. 2025

    Evaluating Causal AI Techniques for Health Misinformation Detection

    Clark, O. & Joshi, K. P. · CARD Workshop · IEEE PerCom 2025 · Washington, DC

    Causal inference methods evaluated against narrative-aware approaches; the comparative groundwork for the Risk Irrelevance Principle.

  3. 2024

    Global Relevance of Online Health Information Sources: A Case Study of Experiences and Perceptions of Nigerians

    Clark, O., Joshi, K. P., & Reynolds, T. · AMIA Annual Symposium · San Francisco

    The empirical study that grounds the equity argument. Surveys how Nigerians evaluate, trust, and act on online health information across cultural contexts.

  4. 2024

    Exploring the Impact of Increased Health Information Accessibility in Cyberspace on Trust and Self-Care Practices

    Clark, O., Reynolds, T., Ugwuabonyi, E., & Joshi, K. P. · ACM SaT-CPS Workshop

    The earliest formal articulation of Online Health Safety as a distinct problem space between patient safety and misinformation detection.

  5. 2026

    AI-Driven Reconstruction of Online Health Narratives: Overcoming Narrative Blindness Through Theory-Grounded Agent-Action-Outcome Modeling

    Clark, O., & Joshi, K. P. · JMIR AI · Under review · Preprint DOI 10.2196/preprints.83496

    The full Agent–Action–Outcome narrative reconstruction methodology. Formalizes Narrative Blindness and the modeling response.

  6. 2026

    The Online Health Safety Gap: Quantifying the Invisible Health Risk of Factually Accurate Peer-to-Peer Health Content

    Clark, O., Ahmed, Z., & Joshi, K. P. · IEEE Access · Under review

    The empirical paper behind the Online Health Safety Gap finding. Shows that 39.6% of narratives are structurally misclassified by single-axis systems and quantifies the harm potential carried by factually accurate health content that consensus-trained systems cannot see.

  7. 2026

    VERITAS: A Neuro-Symbolic Approach to Quantifying Epistemic Divergence and Harm Potential in Online Health Narratives

    Clark, O., Joshi, A., & Joshi, K. P. · JAMIA Open · Under review · Preprint on medRxiv

    The integrated framework paper. Brings the two constructs, the four-category classification, and the empirical findings into a single methodological statement. Preprint DOI: 10.64898/2026.07.11.26357840.

Full Publication List on Google Scholar →
The Future Agenda

Where the work goes from here.

The dissertation is the foundation. The next decade of work extends it — into new domains, deeper personalization, and real deployment.

— Direction One

Cross-domain application

Extending narrative-aware credibility assessment into financial information, legal information, and other regulated decision-support contexts. The structural argument generalizes; the empirical work follows.

— Direction Two

Personalized risk assessment

Integrating individual health context, cultural background, and life-stage factors into risk classification. The same post is not equally risky for every reader. Risk-aware AI should reflect that.

— Direction Three

Real-world deployment

Open-source implementations of the VERITAS pipeline, designed for adoption by platform safety teams, public-health communicators, and regulators — enabling proportionate, context-sensitive content governance. The work is most useful once it is in production.

Going Further

If this work connects to what you are working on, let's talk.